Cannabis Use Is On the Rise Among Pregnant People. What Are the Risks?

As legalization of cannabis continues to spread across the world, so does its use among pregnant people. A recent study found that cannabis use during pregnancy has increased in recent years, despite warnings from health experts.

The growing popularity of cannabis during pregnancy has led to concerns about the potential risks it poses to developing fetuses. While some individuals may use cannabis to alleviate pregnancy-related symptoms such as nausea and pain, studies have shown that cannabis can have harmful effects on fetal development.

This article will examine the potential risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy, including its effects on fetal growth and development, cognitive functioning, and long-term health outcomes. It will also explore why pregnant people may be turning to cannabis and the importance of seeking alternative forms of treatment.

Cannabis Use During Pregnancy: Understanding the Risks

Introduction

Using cannabis during pregnancy is a controversial and potentially harmful practice that has been on the rise in recent years. Despite cannabis being legalized in many parts of the world and being touted as a safe alternative to prescription drugs, there are numerous risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy. It’s essential for expecting mothers to understand these risks to make informed decisions about their health and the health of their baby.

Risks

The research on the effects of cannabis during pregnancy is still limited, but what little we know points to several adverse risks. One significant risk is that cannabis use may lead to low birth weight, which can cause developmental issues and health problems later in life. Cannabis use during pregnancy may also lead to preterm birth, which puts babies at increased risk of infection, difficulty breathing, and other complications.

Another risk is the potential harm that cannabis use may cause to the developing brain of the fetus. Studies have indicated that exposure to cannabis in utero can affect brain development and lead to long-term cognitive and behavioral problems. Additionally, cannabis use during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth, miscarriage, and even Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Treatment Options

If you’re expecting and struggling with the effects of pregnancy, there are several safe treatment options available that don’t involve cannabis use. Many women find relief from morning sickness and other symptoms through lifestyle changes such as diet modifications, physical activity, and relaxation techniques. In severe cases, prescription medications may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms safely.

Conclusion

In conclusion, cannabis use during pregnancy poses many risks for both the mother and the developing fetus. It’s crucial for expecting mothers to understand these risks and explore alternative treatment options for managing pregnancy-related symptoms. By making informed choices, women can protect themselves and their babies’ health and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Prevalence and Patterns of Use

Increasing Prevalence

Studies have shown that cannabis use among pregnant individuals has been on the rise in recent years. In fact, one study found that cannabis use during pregnancy has increased from 2.37% in 2002 to 3.85% in 2014. This trend is concerning, as cannabis is not known to be a safe substance for developing fetuses.

Reasons for Use

The reasons for cannabis use during pregnancy vary. Some individuals may use it to relieve morning sickness or anxiety, while others may use it recreationally. Additionally, some pregnant individuals may be unaware of the potential risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy.

Patterns of Use

Research has found that pregnant individuals who use cannabis tend to use it frequently, with some using it on a daily basis. They also tend to use higher potency cannabis products, such as concentrates and edibles. Additionally, many pregnant individuals who use cannabis also report using other substances, such as alcohol and tobacco. These patterns of use can increase the potential risks to both the fetus and the pregnant person.

How Cannabis Affects the Developing Fetus

Impact on Brain Development

Cannabis contains a psychoactive compound called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that can cross the placental barrier and affect the developing fetus. THC can bind to cannabinoid receptors in the fetal brain and interfere with the formation of neural connections, which can lead to abnormal brain development. Research has shown that prenatal exposure to THC can increase the risk of learning and memory problems, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children.

Effects on Growth and Development

Studies have also suggested that cannabis use during pregnancy can reduce fetal growth and lead to low birth weight. This is because THC can disrupt the availability of nutrients and oxygen that are necessary for fetal development. In addition, prenatal exposure to cannabis has been linked to an increased risk of stillbirth, premature birth, and neonatal intensive care admissions. Furthermore, some research has shown that children who were exposed to cannabis in utero may have an increased risk of behavioral and developmental problems later in life.

Additional Considerations

It’s important to note that the impact of cannabis on the developing fetus can vary depending on factors such as the amount, duration, and frequency of use, as well as the timing of exposure during pregnancy. Cannabis use can also potentially interact with other substances such as alcohol, tobacco, or prescription drugs, which can further complicate the effects on fetal development. Therefore, it’s recommended that pregnant individuals avoid cannabis use to ensure the best possible outcomes for their pregnancies and their babies.

Potential Long-Term Effects on the Child’s Development

Neurological Development

Research has shown that prenatal exposure to cannabis can affect the development of the baby’s brain. THC, the psychoactive compound in cannabis, can cross the placenta and affect the formation and function of brain cells.

Studies have linked prenatal cannabis exposure to cognitive and behavioral problems in children, including decreased attention span, difficulty with problem-solving and decision-making, and an increased risk of developing ADHD.

Respiratory Health

Cannabis smoke contains several harmful chemicals that can be inhaled by the pregnant person and transferred to the developing fetus. These chemicals can damage the baby’s developing lungs and increase the risk of respiratory problems later in life, such as asthma and bronchitis.

Behavioral Issues

Children who were exposed to cannabis prenatally may have an increased risk of developing behavioral problems, such as aggression and delinquency.

Social Development

Research has also shown that prenatal cannabis exposure can affect the child’s social development. Children exposed to cannabis prenatally may have difficulty forming bonds with others, struggle with social interactions and have difficulty with emotional regulation.

It is important to note that the long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on child development are still being studied, and there is much that researchers do not yet know. However, current evidence suggests that using cannabis during pregnancy can have significant and potentially lifelong effects on the child’s health and development.

Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight

Preterm Birth

Cannabis use during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Preterm birth is when a baby is born before 37 weeks of gestation. This can lead to a host of health problems for the newborn, such as respiratory problems, heart issues, and feeding difficulties.

One study found that women who reported using cannabis during pregnancy had a 41% increased risk of delivering their baby prematurely compared to those who did not use cannabis.

Low Birth Weight

Another risk associated with cannabis use during pregnancy is low birth weight. Low birth weight is defined as a birth weight of less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). This is a concern because babies with low birth weight are at an increased risk of health problems such as infections, breathing difficulties, and feeding issues.

A study conducted in Hawaii found that pregnant women who reported using cannabis during pregnancy had a higher likelihood of giving birth to a baby with low birth weight compared to those who did not use cannabis. Specifically, those who used cannabis during the first trimester had a two-fold increased risk of delivering a baby with low birth weight.

Association with Neurobehavioral and Psychological Problems

Neurodevelopmental Effects

Studies suggest that prenatal exposure to cannabis can lead to neurodevelopmental effects in children, such as impaired cognitive function, behavioral problems, and reduced attention span. A review of 24 studies found that prenatal cannabis exposure was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of cognitive deficits in children. Another study showed that children exposed to cannabis in utero had lower verbal and cognitive abilities at age 6 compared to children who were not exposed.

Psychological Issues

Research also shows that maternal cannabis use during pregnancy may lead to an increased risk of psychological issues in children, such as anxiety, depression, and psychiatric disorders. A study of over 11,000 children found that prenatal exposure to cannabis was associated with a 50% increased risk of developing depression by age 18. Another study found that children exposed to cannabis in the womb had a higher likelihood of experiencing emotional and attention problems by age 10.

Summary

In conclusion, prenatal cannabis exposure has been associated with neurobehavioral and psychological problems in children. Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on child development. Pregnant people should avoid using cannabis to minimize any potential risks to their children’s health and well-being.

Comparison to Other Substances, such as Alcohol and Tobacco

Alcohol

Alcohol is a legal substance for those over the age of 21 in the United States. However, heavy drinking during pregnancy can lead to a range of negative outcomes for the fetus, including fetal alcohol syndrome. According to the CDC, an estimated 1 in 9 pregnant people reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days.

Comparison: While both alcohol and cannabis use during pregnancy can lead to negative outcomes, it is important to note that alcohol is legal and widely available for adults, while cannabis remains illegal at the federal level and is only legal for medical and/or adult use in certain states.

Tobacco

Tobacco use during pregnancy is widely recognized as harmful to the developing fetus, and can lead to numerous negative outcomes such as premature birth and low birth weight. According to the CDC, an estimated 7% of pregnant people reported smoking during pregnancy in 2019.

Comparison: While both cannabis and tobacco use during pregnancy can lead to negative outcomes, tobacco use has a much higher prevalence rate among pregnant people and is legal for adults to purchase and use, while cannabis remains illegal at the federal level and is only legal for medical and/or adult use in certain states.

Legal Implications and Recommendations from Healthcare Providers

Legal Implications

In most states, cannabis use during pregnancy is illegal. Therefore, if a pregnant person tests positive for cannabis, they may face legal consequences such as child protective services involvement. Additionally, cannabis use during pregnancy may affect custody battles and adoption proceedings.

Recommendations from Healthcare Providers

Healthcare providers recommend against cannabis use during pregnancy due to the potential risks to both the pregnant person and their developing fetus. They advise discussing any cannabis use with a healthcare provider and seeking alternative methods for managing symptoms such as nausea and pain.

Healthcare providers may also offer resources for cannabis cessation and support, including counseling and referral to substance abuse treatment programs if necessary. They may also emphasize the importance of prenatal care and encourage pregnant people to stay committed to their appointments.

Ultimately, healthcare providers have a responsibility to educate their patients about the potential risks of cannabis use during pregnancy while also providing nonjudgmental, compassionate care.

The Importance of Education and Prevention

Education is Key

One of the most effective ways to prevent cannabis use during pregnancy is through education. Pregnant women and their partners need to understand the risks associated with using cannabis during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Healthcare professionals have a key role in educating patients and providing information on the risks and potential consequences of cannabis use during pregnancy.

Prevention Measures

Prevention measures can help reduce the number of pregnant women who use cannabis. These measures can include creating campaigns to raise awareness of the risks associated with cannabis use and providing accessible resources for pregnant women who need support to quit. Additionally, healthcare providers can screen pregnant women and provide interventions and referrals for substance use disorders.

Personal responsibility also plays a vital role in preventing cannabis use during pregnancy. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, it is essential to avoid using cannabis to protect your baby’s health.

It is important to remember that the use of cannabis during pregnancy can have lifelong effects on the baby. Therefore, prevention and education efforts are critical to ensuring the health and wellbeing of both the mother and child.

• Creating educational resources for healthcare providers and pregnant women
• Incorporating cannabis screening into prenatal care visits
• Offering interventions and referral services for substance use disorders

Steps for Preventing Cannabis Use During Pregnancy
1. Educate yourself and those around you about the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy.
2. Seek help and support if you are struggling with addiction or need guidance on quitting cannabis use.
3. Follow the advice and guidance of your healthcare provider

Support and Resources for Pregnant Individuals Struggling with Substance Use

1. Seek medical care immediately

If you’re pregnant and struggling with substance use, it’s critical to seek medical care as soon as possible. Your healthcare provider can offer guidance and referrals to specialized addiction treatment programs, as well as monitor your pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcome for both you and your baby.

2. Find a support group

Connecting with others who are going through similar struggles can provide a much-needed source of support and validation. Look for local support groups or virtual communities that are tailored specifically to pregnant individuals with substance use disorders.

3. Consider professional counseling

Many people find that professional counseling can be an effective way to address underlying issues that may be contributing to substance use. A therapist can help you develop coping skills, identify triggers, and provide emotional support throughout your journey to recovery.

4. Explore treatment options

There are a variety of treatment options available for pregnant individuals struggling with substance use, including medication-assisted treatment, outpatient programs, and residential facilities. Consulting with a healthcare provider and addiction specialist can help you determine the best course of action for your individual needs.

5. Utilize online resources

There are a number of online resources available for pregnant individuals struggling with substance use, including educational materials, online support groups, and helplines. Websites like the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) offer a wealth of information and resources to assist you in your recovery journey.

6. Take care of yourself

Remember that substance use disorders are complex and challenging conditions that can take time and effort to overcome. Be patient with yourself, practice self-care, and seek out individuals and resources that can support you in your recovery journey.